Musculoskeletal trauma associated with tourism: a literature review

Abstract

Medical tourism is rapidly expanding, with an anticipated annual growth rate of 25%, driven by patients seeking medical services abroad for treatment and recovery. Among the challenges in medical tourism, musculoskeletal trauma is a significant concern, especially in destinations popular for adventure sports and motorbike use. Orthopaedic injuries, including fractures and dislocations, are prevalent in tourists, posing a strain on local healthcare systems and highlighting the need for specialized care. Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are the leading cause of musculoskeletal injuries, with high incidence rates in low- and middle-income countries, which account for over 90% of the global injury burden. Effective management of these injuries requires access to specialized orthopaedic care, advanced imaging technology, and skilled medical professionals, often unavailable in remote or under-resourced tourist destinations. Furthermore, cultural and communicative barriers complicate the treatment process, with language differences and diverse health beliefs affecting patient outcomes. Preventive measures, such as safety awareness campaigns and enhanced medical readiness at tourist sites, are essential in mitigating the incidence of musculoskeletal trauma. Collaboration between healthcare providers, tourism operators, and local governments is crucial in ensuring timely access to quality care. This review discusses the epidemiology, challenges, and management strategies for musculoskeletal trauma in tourists, emphasizing the need for comprehensive healthcare planning to ensure both safety and effective treatment in high-risk tourist destinations.